Bitcoin transaction fees incentivize miners and prioritize transactions, varying with network congestion and transaction size. Fees typically range from cents to triple digits, averaging $0.87 (down from $4.88 last year) but spiking to $7.68 during busy periods. Fees are calculated by multiplying the fee rate (sats/vByte) by transaction size. Users can optimize fees by consolidating inputs, using SegWit addresses, and timing transactions during low traffic. Tools like Mempool.space and BitcoinFees.net provide real-time fee data to help users track and minimize costs before sending BTC